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Greater short-toed lark
The greater short-toed lark (''Calandrella brachydactyla'') or sometimes just short-toed lark (but see below) is a small passerine bird. It breeds in southern Europe, north-west Africa, and across temperate Asia from Turkey and southern Russia to Mongolia. It is sometimes considered conspecific with ''Calandrella cinerea''.〔 During migration they form large flocks that fly in synchrony and at other times they form loose flocks.
==Description==
Several subspecies have been named but there is considerable geneflow and the species itself forms part of a larger complex. This is a small pale lark, smaller than the skylark. It is dark-streaked greyish-brown above, and white below, and has a strong pointed bill that is pinkish with a grey culmen. It has a pale supercilium, dark patches on each side of its neck and a dark tail. Some birds in the west of the range have a rufous crown. The sexes are similar. Subspecies ''longipennis'' is paler than ''dukhunensis'' which also has a shorter bill. In winter they fly in large and compact flocks that swing in synchrony. Care must be taken to distinguish this species from other similar ''Calandrella'' larks, such as the lesser short-toed lark, ''Calandrella rufescens''.
The nominate form breeds in Europe (Iberia, France, Italy, the Balkans and Romania) and winters in Africa. Subspecies ''hungarica'' breeds in the eastern parts of Europe while ''rubiginosa'' breeds in north-western Africa. Subspecies ''hermonensis'' (sometimes including ''woltersi'') breeds in Turkey, Syria and Egypt. Subspecies ''artemisiana'' (considered by some to be synonymous with ''longipennis'') breeds in Asia Minor and winters in southern west Asia. Subspecies ''longipennis'' breeds in Ukraine, Mongolia and Manchuria and winters in South Asia mainly in the drier zone of north-western India while ''dukhunensis'' breeds on the Tibetan plateau and winters mainly in peninsular India.〔
The song varies between a dry twittering and a more varied and imitative melody. Flocks will often fly together to water in the mornings at favourite spots. In the evenings they roost in open ground, with each bird squatting in a small depression made in the soil.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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